Note [exprOkForSpeculation: case expressions]

exprOkForSpeculation accepts very special case expressions.
Reason: (a ==# b) is ok-for-speculation, but the litEq rules
in GHC.Core.Opt.ConstantFold convert it (a ==# 3#) to
   case a of { DEFAULT -> 0#; 3# -> 1# }
for excellent reasons described in
  GHC.Core.Opt.ConstantFold Note [The litEq rule: converting equality to case].
So, annoyingly, we want that case expression to be
ok-for-speculation too. Bother.

But we restrict it sharply:

* We restrict it to unlifted scrutinees. Consider this:
     case x of y {
       DEFAULT -> ... (let v::Int# = case y of { True  -> e1
                                               ; False -> e2 }
                       in ...) ...

  Does the RHS of v satisfy the let-can-float invariant?  Previously we said
  yes, on the grounds that y is evaluated.  But the binder-swap done
  by GHC.Core.Opt.SetLevels would transform the inner alternative to
     DEFAULT -> ... (let v::Int# = case x of { ... }
                     in ...) ....
  which does /not/ satisfy the let-can-float invariant, because x is
  not evaluated. See Note [Binder-swap during float-out]
  in GHC.Core.Opt.SetLevels.  To avoid this awkwardness it seems simpler
  to stick to unlifted scrutinees where the issue does not
  arise.

* We restrict it to exhaustive alternatives. A non-exhaustive
  case manifestly isn't ok-for-speculation. for example,
  this is a valid program (albeit a slightly dodgy one)
    let v = case x of { B -> ...; C -> ... }
    in case x of
         A -> ...
         _ ->  ...v...v....
  Should v be considered ok-for-speculation?  Its scrutinee may be
  evaluated, but the alternatives are incomplete so we should not
  evaluate it strictly.

  Now, all this is for lifted types, but it'd be the same for any
  finite unlifted type. We don't have many of them, but we might
  add unlifted algebraic types in due course.


Historical note: #15696: --------
  Previously GHC.Core.Opt.SetLevels used exprOkForSpeculation to guide
  floating of single-alternative cases; it now uses exprIsHNF
  Note [Floating single-alternative cases].

  But in those days, consider
    case e of x { DEAFULT ->
      ...(case x of y
            A -> ...
            _ -> ...(case (case x of { B -> p; C -> p }) of
                       I# r -> blah)...
  If GHC.Core.Opt.SetLevels considers the inner nested case as
  ok-for-speculation it can do case-floating (in GHC.Core.Opt.SetLevels).
  So we'd float to:
    case e of x { DEAFULT ->
    case (case x of { B -> p; C -> p }) of I# r ->
    ...(case x of y
            A -> ...
            _ -> ...blah...)...
  which is utterly bogus (seg fault); see #5453.

Historical note: #3717: --------
    foo :: Int -> Int
    foo 0 = 0
    foo n = (if n < 5 then 1 else 2) `seq` foo (n-1)

In earlier GHCs, we got this:
    T.$wfoo =
      \ (ww :: GHC.Prim.Int#) ->
        case ww of ds {
          __DEFAULT -> case (case <# ds 5 of _ {
                          GHC.Types.False -> lvl1;
                          GHC.Types.True -> lvl})
                       of _ { __DEFAULT ->
                       T.$wfoo (GHC.Prim.-# ds_XkE 1) };
          0 -> 0 }

Before join-points etc we could only get rid of two cases (which are
redundant) by recognising that the (case <# ds 5 of { ... }) is
ok-for-speculation, even though it has /lifted/ type.  But now join
points do the job nicely.
End of historical note ------------